Ba'athist regime carries out the Anfal genocide and Halabja gas attack

During the 1988 Anfal campaign the Ba'athist government under Saddam Hussein killed an estimated 50,000–100,000 Kurds and razed thousands of villages; on 16 March 1988 it gassed the town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 civilians. Iraqi and other courts later recognized Anfal as genocide — among the starkest cases of a ruling party's violent conduct in the dataset.

Referenced entities

Parties

Ba'ath Party (Iraq)

Politicians

Saddam Hussein head-of-state

Sources

Permalink: https://tarekgara.com/tayyar/pulse/8d7258c6-d9cb-4075-87c0-e52ac3ca8017

How to cite

Each record carries a retrieval date because the dataset is live — individual entries update as verification deepens. Use the per-record citation when referencing this specific profile; use the dataset citation below when referencing the project as a whole.

In-text: (Gara, 2026)

Per-record citation

APA 7Reference list · academic default

Gara, T. (2026). Ba'athist regime carries out the Anfal genocide and Halabja gas attack [Event record]. Tayyar: A MENA political-position dataset. Retrieved July 27, 2026, from https://tarekgara.com/tayyar/pulse/8d7258c6-d9cb-4075-87c0-e52ac3ca8017

Chicago author-dateCommon in political-science journals

Gara, Tarek. 2026. "Ba'athist regime carries out the Anfal genocide and Halabja gas attack." Event record, Tayyar: A MENA political-position dataset. Accessed July 27, 2026. https://tarekgara.com/tayyar/pulse/8d7258c6-d9cb-4075-87c0-e52ac3ca8017.

BibTeXFor LaTeX / Zotero / reference managers

@misc{tayyar-event-8d7258c6-d9cb-4075-87c0-e52ac3ca8017,
  title     = {{Ba'athist regime carries out the Anfal genocide and Halabja gas attack}},
  author    = {Gara, Tarek},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Tayyar: A MENA political-position dataset},
  type      = {Event record},
  url       = {https://tarekgara.com/tayyar/pulse/8d7258c6-d9cb-4075-87c0-e52ac3ca8017},
  urldate   = {2026-07-27},
  note      = {Event date: 1988-03-16. First-pass entry; second-pass external review planned before publication.}
}

Dataset / working-paper citation

If you're citing Tayyar as a project rather than this individual record.

APA 7Preprint

Gara, T. (2026). Tayyar: A MENA political-position dataset [Preprint]. Retrieved July 27, 2026, from https://tarekgara.com/tayyar/paper

BibTeXPreprint

@unpublished{tayyar-preprint,
  title  = {{Tayyar: A MENA political-position dataset}},
  author = {Gara, Tarek},
  year   = {2026},
  type   = {Preprint},
  url    = {https://tarekgara.com/tayyar/paper},
  urldate = {2026-07-27},
  note   = {Living document, regenerated from the live dataset on page load.}
}

Event date: 1988-03-16. First-pass entry; second-pass external review planned before publication.